❞ كتاب Linux Fundamentals Paul Cobbaut ❝

Linux Fundamentals
Paul Cobbaut
Publication date 2015-05-24 CEST
Abstract
This book is meant to be used in an instructor-led training. For self-study, the intent is to read
this book next to a working Linux computer so you can immediately do every subject, practicing
each command.
This book is aimed at novice Linux system administrators (and might be interesting and useful
for home users that want to know a bit more about their Linux system). However, this book
is not meant as an introduction to Linux desktop applications like text editors, browsers, mail
clients, multimedia or office applications.
More information and free .pdf available at
http://linux-training.be
.
Feel free to contact the author:
• Paul Cobbaut: [email protected], http://www.linkedin.com/in/cobbaut
Contributors to the Linux Training project are:
• Serge van Ginderachter: [email protected], build scripts and infrastructure setup
• Ywein Van den Brande: [email protected], license and legal sections
• Hendrik De Vloed: [email protected], buildheader.pl script
We'd also like to thank our reviewers:
• Wouter Verhelst: [email protected], http://grep.be
• Geert
Goossens:
[email protected],
http://www.linkedin.com/in/
geertgoossens
• Elie De Brauwer: [email protected], http://www.de-brauwer.be
• Christophe Vandeplas: [email protected], http://christophe.vandeplas.com
• Bert Desmet: [email protected], http://blog.bdesmet.be
• Rich Yonts: [email protected],
Copyright 2007-2015 Netsec BVBA, Paul Cobbaut
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the
GNU Free Documentation License
, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled 'GNU Free Documentation
License'.

iii

.................................................................................................................................. 199
20.7. gzip - gunzip
.................................................................................................................... 200
20.8. zcat - zmore
..................................................................................................................... 200
20.9. bzip2 - bunzip2
................................................................................................................ 201
20.10. bzcat - bzmore
............................................................................................................... 201
20.11. practice: basic Unix tools
.............................................................................................. 202
20.12. solution: basic Unix tools
.............................................................................................. 203
21. regular expressions
.................................................................................................................... 205
21.1. regex versions
.................................................................................................................. 206
21.2. grep
.................................................................................................................................. 207
21.3. rename
.............................................................................................................................. 212
21.4. sed
.................................................................................................................................... 215
21.5. bash history
...................................................................................................................... 219
VI. vi
............................................................................................................................................................ 220
22. Introduction to vi
....................................................................................................................... 222
22.1. command mode and insert mode
.................................................................................... 223
22.2. start typing (a A i I o O)
................................................................................................ 223
22.3. replace and delete a character (r x X)
............................................................................. 224
22.4. undo and repeat (u .)
....................................................................................................... 224
22.5. cut, copy and paste a line (dd yy p P)
............................................................................ 224
22.6. cut, copy and paste lines (3dd 2yy)
................................................................................ 225
22.7. start and end of a line (0 or ^ and $)
.............................................................................. 225
22.8. join two lines (J) and more
............................................................................................. 225
22.9. words (w b)
..................................................................................................................... 226
22.10. save (or not) and exit (:w :q :q! )
.................................................................................. 226
22.11. Searching (/ ?)
................................................................................................................ 226
22.12. replace all ( :1,$ s/foo/bar/g )
........................................................................................ 227
22.13. reading files (:r :r !cmd)
................................................................................................ 227
22.14. text buffers
..................................................................................................................... 227
22.15. multiple files
.................................................................................................................. 227
Linux Fundamentals
vii
22.16. abbreviations
.................................................................................................................. 228
22.17. key mappings
................................................................................................................. 229
22.18. setting options
................................................................................................................ 229
22.19. practice: vi(m)
............................................................................................................... 230
22.20. solution: vi(m)
............................................................................................................... 231
VII. scripting
................................................................................................................................................ 232
23. scripting introduction
................................................................................................................ 234
23.1. prerequisites
..................................................................................................................... 235
23.2. hello world
....................................................................................................................... 235
23.3. she-bang
........................................................................................................................... 235
23.4. comment
........................................................................................................................... 236
23.5. variables
........................................................................................................................... 236
23.6. sourcing a script
.............................................................................................................. 236
23.7. troubleshooting a script
................................................................................................... 237
23.8. prevent setuid root spoofing
............................................................................................ 237
23.9. practice: introduction to scripting
................................................................................... 238
23.10. solution: introduction to scripting
................................................................................. 239
24. scripting loops
............................................................................................................................. 240
24.1. test [ ]
............................................................................................................................... 241
24.2. if then else
....................................................................................................................... 242
24.3. if then elif
........................................................................................................................ 242
24.4. for loop
............................................................................................................................ 242
24.5. while loop
........................................................................................................................ 243
24.6. until loop
.......................................................................................................................... 243
24.7. practice: scripting tests and loops
................................................................................... 244
24.8. solution: scripting tests and loops
................................................................................... 245
25. scripting parameters
.................................................................................................................. 247
25.1. script parameters
.............................................................................................................. 248
25.2. shift through parameters
.................................................................................................. 249
25.3. runtime input
................................................................................................................... 249
25.4. sourcing a config file
...................................................................................................... 250
25.5. get script options with getopts
........................................................................................ 251
25.6. get shell options with shopt
............................................................................................ 252
25.7. practice: parameters and options
..................................................................................... 253
25.8. solution: parameters and options
..................................................................................... 254
26. more scripting
............................................................................................................................. 255
26.1. eval
................................................................................................................................... 256
26.2. (( ))
................................................................................................................................... 256
26.3. let
..................................................................................................................................... 257
26.4. case
.................................................................................................................................. 258
26.5. shell functions
.................................................................................................................. 259
26.6. practice : more scripting
.................................................................................................. 260
26.7. solution : more scripting
.................................................................................................. 261
VIII. local user management
....................................................................................................................... 263
27. introduction to users
.................................................................................................................. 266
27.1. whoami
............................................................................................................................ 267
27.2. who
.................................................................................................................................. 267
27.3. who am i
.......................................................................................................................... 267
27.4. w
...................................................................................................................................... 267
27.5. id
...................................................................................................................................... 267
27.6. su to another user
............................................................................................................ 268
27.7. su to root
......................................................................................................................... 268
27.8. su as root
......................................................................................................................... 268
27.9. su - $username
................................................................................................................ 268
27.10. su -
................................................................................................................................. 268
27.11. run a program as another user
...................................................................................... 269
27.12. visudo
............................................................................................................................. 269
27.13. sudo su -
........................................................................................................................ 270
Linux Fundamentals
viii
27.14. sudo logging
.................................................................................................................. 270
27.15. practice: introduction to users
....................................................................................... 271
27.16. solution: introduction to users
....................................................................................... 272
28. user management
....................................................................................................................... 274
28.1. user management
............................................................................................................. 275
28.2. /etc/passwd
....................................................................................................................... 275
28.3. root
................................................................................................................................... 275
28.4. useradd
............................................................................................................................. 276
28.5. /etc/default/useradd
.......................................................................................................... 276
28.6. userdel
.............................................................................................................................. 276
28.7. usermod
............................................................................................................................ 276
28.8. creating home directories
................................................................................................ 277
28.9. /etc/skel/
........................................................................................................................... 277
28.10. deleting home directories
.............................................................................................. 277
28.11. login shell
...................................................................................................................... 278
28.12. chsh
................................................................................................................................ 278
28.13. practice: user management
............................................................................................ 279
28.14. solution: user management
............................................................................................ 280
29. user passwords
............................................................................................................................ 282
29.1. passwd
.............................................................................................................................. 283
29.2. shadow file
...................................................................................................................... 283
29.3. encryption with passwd
................................................................................................... 284
29.4. encryption with openssl
................................................................................................... 284
29.5. encryption with crypt
...................................................................................................... 285
29.6. /etc/login.defs
................................................................................................................... 286
29.7. chage
................................................................................................................................ 286
29.8. disabling a password
....................................................................................................... 287
29.9. editing local files
............................................................................................................. 287
29.10. practice: user passwords
................................................................................................ 288
29.11. solution: user passwords
................................................................................................ 289
30. user profiles
................................................................................................................................ 291
30.1. system profile
.................................................................................................................. 292
30.2. ~/.bash_profile
................................................................................................................. 292
30.3. ~/.bash_login
.................................................................................................................... 293
30.4. ~/.profile
.......................................................................................................................... 293
30.5. ~/.bashrc
........................................................................................................................... 293
30.6. ~/.bash_logout
.................................................................................................................. 294
30.7. Debian overview
.............................................................................................................. 295
30.8. RHEL5 overview
............................................................................................................. 295
30.9. practice: user profiles
...................................................................................................... 296
30.10. solution: user profiles
.................................................................................................... 297
31. groups
.......................................................................................................................................... 298
31.1. groupadd
.......................................................................................................................... 299
31.2. group file
......................................................................................................................... 299
31.3. groups
.............................................................................................................................. 299
31.4. usermod
............................................................................................................................ 300
31.5. groupmod
......................................................................................................................... 300
31.6. groupdel
........................................................................................................................... 300
31.7. gpasswd
............................................................................................................................ 301
31.8. newgrp
............................................................................................................................. 302
31.9. vigr
................................................................................................................................... 302
31.10. practice: groups
............................................................................................................. 303
31.11. solution: groups
............................................................................................................. 304
IX. file security
............................................................................................................................................ 305
32. standard file permissions
.......................................................................................................... 307
32.1. file ownership
.................................................................................................................. 308
32.2. list of special files
........................................................................................................... 310
32.3. permissions
...................................................................................................................... 311
Linux Fundamentals
ix
32.4. practice: standard file permissions
.................................................................................. 316
32.5. solution: standard file permissions
.................................................................................. 317
33. advanced file permissions
.......................................................................................................... 319
33.1. sticky bit on directory
..................................................................................................... 320
33.2. setgid bit on directory
..................................................................................................... 320
33.3. setgid and setuid on regular files
.................................................................................... 321
33.4. setuid on sudo
.................................................................................................................. 321
33.5. practice: sticky, setuid and setgid bits
............................................................................ 322
33.6. solution: sticky, setuid and setgid bits
............................................................................ 323
34. access control lists
...................................................................................................................... 325
34.1. acl in /etc/fstab
................................................................................................................. 326
34.2. getfacl
.............................................................................................................................. 326
34.3. setfacl
............................................................................................................................... 326
34.4. remove an acl entry
......................................................................................................... 327
34.5. remove the complete acl
................................................................................................. 327
34.6. the acl mask
..................................................................................................................... 327
34.7. eiciel
................................................................................................................................. 328
35. file links
....................................................................................................................................... 329
35.1. inodes
............................................................................................................................... 330
35.2. about directories
.............................................................................................................. 331
35.3. hard links
......................................................................................................................... 332
35.4. symbolic links
.................................................................................................................. 333
35.5. removing links
................................................................................................................. 333
35.6. practice : links
................................................................................................................. 334
35.7. solution : links
................................................................................................................. 335
X. Appendices
.............................................................................................................................................. 336
A. keyboard settings
......................................................................................................................... 338
A.1. about keyboard layout
...................................................................................................... 338
A.2. X Keyboard Layout
.......................................................................................................... 338
A.3. shell keyboard layout
....................................................................................................... 338
B. hardware
....................................................................................................................................... 340
B.1. buses
.................................................................................................................................. 340
B.2. interrupts
........................................................................................................................... 341
B.3. io ports
.............................................................................................................................. 342
B.4. dma
.................................................................................................................................... 342
C. License
.......................................................................................................................................... 344
Index
...
-
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Linux Fundamentals Paul Cobbaut

Linux Fundamentals
Paul Cobbaut
Publication date 2015-05-24 CEST
Abstract
This book is meant to be used in an instructor-led training. For self-study, the intent is to read
this book next to a working Linux computer so you can immediately do every subject, practicing
each command.
This book is aimed at novice Linux system administrators (and might be interesting and useful
for home users that want to know a bit more about their Linux system). However, this book
is not meant as an introduction to Linux desktop applications like text editors, browsers, mail
clients, multimedia or office applications.
More information and free .pdf available at
http://linux-training.be
.
Feel free to contact the author:
• Paul Cobbaut: [email protected], http://www.linkedin.com/in/cobbaut
Contributors to the Linux Training project are:
• Serge van Ginderachter: [email protected], build scripts and infrastructure setup
• Ywein Van den Brande: [email protected], license and legal sections
• Hendrik De Vloed: [email protected], buildheader.pl script
We'd also like to thank our reviewers:
• Wouter Verhelst: [email protected], http://grep.be
• Geert
Goossens:
[email protected],
http://www.linkedin.com/in/
geertgoossens
• Elie De Brauwer: [email protected], http://www.de-brauwer.be
• Christophe Vandeplas: [email protected], http://christophe.vandeplas.com
• Bert Desmet: [email protected], http://blog.bdesmet.be
• Rich Yonts: [email protected],
Copyright 2007-2015 Netsec BVBA, Paul Cobbaut
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the
GNU Free Documentation License
, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled 'GNU Free Documentation
License'.

iii

.................................................................................................................................. 199
20.7. gzip - gunzip
.................................................................................................................... 200
20.8. zcat - zmore
..................................................................................................................... 200
20.9. bzip2 - bunzip2
................................................................................................................ 201
20.10. bzcat - bzmore
............................................................................................................... 201
20.11. practice: basic Unix tools
.............................................................................................. 202
20.12. solution: basic Unix tools
.............................................................................................. 203
21. regular expressions
.................................................................................................................... 205
21.1. regex versions
.................................................................................................................. 206
21.2. grep
.................................................................................................................................. 207
21.3. rename
.............................................................................................................................. 212
21.4. sed
.................................................................................................................................... 215
21.5. bash history
...................................................................................................................... 219
VI. vi
............................................................................................................................................................ 220
22. Introduction to vi
....................................................................................................................... 222
22.1. command mode and insert mode
.................................................................................... 223
22.2. start typing (a A i I o O)
................................................................................................ 223
22.3. replace and delete a character (r x X)
............................................................................. 224
22.4. undo and repeat (u .)
....................................................................................................... 224
22.5. cut, copy and paste a line (dd yy p P)
............................................................................ 224
22.6. cut, copy and paste lines (3dd 2yy)
................................................................................ 225
22.7. start and end of a line (0 or ^ and $)
.............................................................................. 225
22.8. join two lines (J) and more
............................................................................................. 225
22.9. words (w b)
..................................................................................................................... 226
22.10. save (or not) and exit (:w :q :q! )
.................................................................................. 226
22.11. Searching (/ ?)
................................................................................................................ 226
22.12. replace all ( :1,$ s/foo/bar/g )
........................................................................................ 227
22.13. reading files (:r :r !cmd)
................................................................................................ 227
22.14. text buffers
..................................................................................................................... 227
22.15. multiple files
.................................................................................................................. 227
Linux Fundamentals
vii
22.16. abbreviations
.................................................................................................................. 228
22.17. key mappings
................................................................................................................. 229
22.18. setting options
................................................................................................................ 229
22.19. practice: vi(m)
............................................................................................................... 230
22.20. solution: vi(m)
............................................................................................................... 231
VII. scripting
................................................................................................................................................ 232
23. scripting introduction
................................................................................................................ 234
23.1. prerequisites
..................................................................................................................... 235
23.2. hello world
....................................................................................................................... 235
23.3. she-bang
........................................................................................................................... 235
23.4. comment
........................................................................................................................... 236
23.5. variables
........................................................................................................................... 236
23.6. sourcing a script
.............................................................................................................. 236
23.7. troubleshooting a script
................................................................................................... 237
23.8. prevent setuid root spoofing
............................................................................................ 237
23.9. practice: introduction to scripting
................................................................................... 238
23.10. solution: introduction to scripting
................................................................................. 239
24. scripting loops
............................................................................................................................. 240
24.1. test [ ]
............................................................................................................................... 241
24.2. if then else
....................................................................................................................... 242
24.3. if then elif
........................................................................................................................ 242
24.4. for loop
............................................................................................................................ 242
24.5. while loop
........................................................................................................................ 243
24.6. until loop
.......................................................................................................................... 243
24.7. practice: scripting tests and loops
................................................................................... 244
24.8. solution: scripting tests and loops
................................................................................... 245
25. scripting parameters
.................................................................................................................. 247
25.1. script parameters
.............................................................................................................. 248
25.2. shift through parameters
.................................................................................................. 249
25.3. runtime input
................................................................................................................... 249
25.4. sourcing a config file
...................................................................................................... 250
25.5. get script options with getopts
........................................................................................ 251
25.6. get shell options with shopt
............................................................................................ 252
25.7. practice: parameters and options
..................................................................................... 253
25.8. solution: parameters and options
..................................................................................... 254
26. more scripting
............................................................................................................................. 255
26.1. eval
................................................................................................................................... 256
26.2. (( ))
................................................................................................................................... 256
26.3. let
..................................................................................................................................... 257
26.4. case
.................................................................................................................................. 258
26.5. shell functions
.................................................................................................................. 259
26.6. practice : more scripting
.................................................................................................. 260
26.7. solution : more scripting
.................................................................................................. 261
VIII. local user management
....................................................................................................................... 263
27. introduction to users
.................................................................................................................. 266
27.1. whoami
............................................................................................................................ 267
27.2. who
.................................................................................................................................. 267
27.3. who am i
.......................................................................................................................... 267
27.4. w
...................................................................................................................................... 267
27.5. id
...................................................................................................................................... 267
27.6. su to another user
............................................................................................................ 268
27.7. su to root
......................................................................................................................... 268
27.8. su as root
......................................................................................................................... 268
27.9. su - $username
................................................................................................................ 268
27.10. su -
................................................................................................................................. 268
27.11. run a program as another user
...................................................................................... 269
27.12. visudo
............................................................................................................................. 269
27.13. sudo su -
........................................................................................................................ 270
Linux Fundamentals
viii
27.14. sudo logging
.................................................................................................................. 270
27.15. practice: introduction to users
....................................................................................... 271
27.16. solution: introduction to users
....................................................................................... 272
28. user management
....................................................................................................................... 274
28.1. user management
............................................................................................................. 275
28.2. /etc/passwd
....................................................................................................................... 275
28.3. root
................................................................................................................................... 275
28.4. useradd
............................................................................................................................. 276
28.5. /etc/default/useradd
.......................................................................................................... 276
28.6. userdel
.............................................................................................................................. 276
28.7. usermod
............................................................................................................................ 276
28.8. creating home directories
................................................................................................ 277
28.9. /etc/skel/
........................................................................................................................... 277
28.10. deleting home directories
.............................................................................................. 277
28.11. login shell
...................................................................................................................... 278
28.12. chsh
................................................................................................................................ 278
28.13. practice: user management
............................................................................................ 279
28.14. solution: user management
............................................................................................ 280
29. user passwords
............................................................................................................................ 282
29.1. passwd
.............................................................................................................................. 283
29.2. shadow file
...................................................................................................................... 283
29.3. encryption with passwd
................................................................................................... 284
29.4. encryption with openssl
................................................................................................... 284
29.5. encryption with crypt
...................................................................................................... 285
29.6. /etc/login.defs
................................................................................................................... 286
29.7. chage
................................................................................................................................ 286
29.8. disabling a password
....................................................................................................... 287
29.9. editing local files
............................................................................................................. 287
29.10. practice: user passwords
................................................................................................ 288
29.11. solution: user passwords
................................................................................................ 289
30. user profiles
................................................................................................................................ 291
30.1. system profile
.................................................................................................................. 292
30.2. ~/.bash_profile
................................................................................................................. 292
30.3. ~/.bash_login
.................................................................................................................... 293
30.4. ~/.profile
.......................................................................................................................... 293
30.5. ~/.bashrc
........................................................................................................................... 293
30.6. ~/.bash_logout
.................................................................................................................. 294
30.7. Debian overview
.............................................................................................................. 295
30.8. RHEL5 overview
............................................................................................................. 295
30.9. practice: user profiles
...................................................................................................... 296
30.10. solution: user profiles
.................................................................................................... 297
31. groups
.......................................................................................................................................... 298
31.1. groupadd
.......................................................................................................................... 299
31.2. group file
......................................................................................................................... 299
31.3. groups
.............................................................................................................................. 299
31.4. usermod
............................................................................................................................ 300
31.5. groupmod
......................................................................................................................... 300
31.6. groupdel
........................................................................................................................... 300
31.7. gpasswd
............................................................................................................................ 301
31.8. newgrp
............................................................................................................................. 302
31.9. vigr
................................................................................................................................... 302
31.10. practice: groups
............................................................................................................. 303
31.11. solution: groups
............................................................................................................. 304
IX. file security
............................................................................................................................................ 305
32. standard file permissions
.......................................................................................................... 307
32.1. file ownership
.................................................................................................................. 308
32.2. list of special files
........................................................................................................... 310
32.3. permissions
...................................................................................................................... 311
Linux Fundamentals
ix
32.4. practice: standard file permissions
.................................................................................. 316
32.5. solution: standard file permissions
.................................................................................. 317
33. advanced file permissions
.......................................................................................................... 319
33.1. sticky bit on directory
..................................................................................................... 320
33.2. setgid bit on directory
..................................................................................................... 320
33.3. setgid and setuid on regular files
.................................................................................... 321
33.4. setuid on sudo
.................................................................................................................. 321
33.5. practice: sticky, setuid and setgid bits
............................................................................ 322
33.6. solution: sticky, setuid and setgid bits
............................................................................ 323
34. access control lists
...................................................................................................................... 325
34.1. acl in /etc/fstab
................................................................................................................. 326
34.2. getfacl
.............................................................................................................................. 326
34.3. setfacl
............................................................................................................................... 326
34.4. remove an acl entry
......................................................................................................... 327
34.5. remove the complete acl
................................................................................................. 327
34.6. the acl mask
..................................................................................................................... 327
34.7. eiciel
................................................................................................................................. 328
35. file links
....................................................................................................................................... 329
35.1. inodes
............................................................................................................................... 330
35.2. about directories
.............................................................................................................. 331
35.3. hard links
......................................................................................................................... 332
35.4. symbolic links
.................................................................................................................. 333
35.5. removing links
................................................................................................................. 333
35.6. practice : links
................................................................................................................. 334
35.7. solution : links
................................................................................................................. 335
X. Appendices
.............................................................................................................................................. 336
A. keyboard settings
......................................................................................................................... 338
A.1. about keyboard layout
...................................................................................................... 338
A.2. X Keyboard Layout
.......................................................................................................... 338
A.3. shell keyboard layout
....................................................................................................... 338
B. hardware
....................................................................................................................................... 340
B.1. buses
.................................................................................................................................. 340
B.2. interrupts
........................................................................................................................... 341
B.3. io ports
.............................................................................................................................. 342
B.4. dma
.................................................................................................................................... 342
C. License
.......................................................................................................................................... 344
Index
... . المزيد..

تعليقات القرّاء:

Table of Contents
I. introduction to Linux
................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Linux history
.................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1. 1969
....................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2. 1980s
...................................................................................................................................... 4
1.3. 1990s
...................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4. 2015
....................................................................................................................................... 5
2. distributions
...................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1. Red Hat
.................................................................................................................................. 7
2.2. Ubuntu
................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3. Debian
.................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4. Other
...................................................................................................................................... 7
2.5. Which to choose ?
................................................................................................................. 8
3. licensing
............................................................................................................................................. 9
3.1. about software licenses
....................................................................................................... 10
3.2. public domain software and freeware
................................................................................. 10
3.3. Free Software or Open Source Software
............................................................................ 10
3.4. GNU General Public License
.............................................................................................. 11
3.5. using GPLv3 software
......................................................................................................... 11
3.6. BSD license
......................................................................................................................... 12
3.7. other licenses
....................................................................................................................... 12
3.8. combination of software licenses
........................................................................................ 12
II. installing Linux
......................................................................................................................................... 13
4. installing Debian 8
......................................................................................................................... 15
4.1. Debian
.................................................................................................................................. 16
4.2. Downloading
........................................................................................................................ 16
4.3. virtualbox networking
......................................................................................................... 32
4.4. setting the hostname
............................................................................................................ 34
4.5. adding a static ip address
.................................................................................................... 34
4.6. Debian package management
.............................................................................................. 35
5. installing CentOS 7
........................................................................................................................ 36
5.1. download a CentOS 7 image
.............................................................................................. 37
5.2. Virtualbox
............................................................................................................................ 39
5.3. CentOS 7 installing
............................................................................................................. 44
5.4. CentOS 7 first logon
........................................................................................................... 52
5.5. Virtualbox network interface
.............................................................................................. 53
5.6. configuring the network
...................................................................................................... 54
5.7. adding one static ip address
................................................................................................ 54
5.8. package management
........................................................................................................... 55
5.9. logon from Linux and MacOSX
......................................................................................... 56
5.10. logon from MS Windows
................................................................................................. 56
6. getting Linux at home
................................................................................................................... 58
6.1. download a Linux CD image
.............................................................................................. 59
6.2. download Virtualbox
........................................................................................................... 59
6.3. create a virtual machine
...................................................................................................... 60
6.4. attach the CD image
............................................................................................................ 65
6.5. install Linux
......................................................................................................................... 68
III. first steps on the command line
.............................................................................................................. 69
7. man pages
....................................................................................................................................... 71
7.1. man $command
................................................................................................................... 72
7.2. man $configfile
.................................................................................................................... 72
7.3. man $daemon
...................................................................................................................... 72
7.4. man -k (apropos)
................................................................................................................. 72
7.5. whatis
................................................................................................................................... 72
7.6. whereis
................................................................................................................................. 72
7.7. man sections
........................................................................................................................ 73
Linux Fundamentals
iv
7.8. man $section $file
............................................................................................................... 73
7.9. man man
.............................................................................................................................. 73
7.10. mandb
................................................................................................................................ 73
8. working with directories
............................................................................................................... 74
8.1. pwd
...................................................................................................................................... 75
8.2. cd
.......................................................................................................................................... 75
8.3. absolute and relative paths
.................................................................................................. 76
8.4. path completion
................................................................................................................... 77
8.5. ls
........................................................................................................................................... 77
8.6. mkdir
.................................................................................................................................... 79
8.7. rmdir
.................................................................................................................................... 79
8.8. practice: working with directories
....................................................................................... 81
8.9. solution: working with directories
...................................................................................... 82
9. working with files
........................................................................................................................... 84
9.1. all files are case sensitive
................................................................................................... 85
9.2. everything is a file
.............................................................................................................. 85
9.3. file
........................................................................................................................................ 85
9.4. touch
.................................................................................................................................... 86
9.5. rm
......................................................................................................................................... 87
9.6. cp
.......................................................................................................................................... 88
9.7. mv
........................................................................................................................................ 89
9.8. rename
.................................................................................................................................. 90
9.9. practice: working with files
................................................................................................ 91
9.10. solution: working with files
.............................................................................................. 92
10. working with file contents
........................................................................................................... 94
10.1. head
.................................................................................................................................... 95
10.2. tail
...................................................................................................................................... 95
10.3. cat
....................................................................................................................................... 96
10.4. tac
....................................................................................................................................... 97
10.5. more and less
..................................................................................................................... 98
10.6. strings
................................................................................................................................. 98
10.7. practice: file contents
........................................................................................................ 99
10.8. solution: file contents
...................................................................................................... 100
11. the Linux file tree
...................................................................................................................... 101
11.1. filesystem hierarchy standard
.......................................................................................... 102
11.2. man hier
........................................................................................................................... 102
11.3. the root directory /
........................................................................................................... 102
11.4. binary directories
............................................................................................................. 103
11.5. configuration directories
.................................................................................................. 105
11.6. data directories
................................................................................................................ 107
11.7. in memory directories
..................................................................................................... 109
11.8. /usr Unix System Resources
............................................................................................ 114
11.9. /var variable data
............................................................................................................. 116
11.10. practice: file system tree
............................................................................................... 118
11.11. solution: file system tree
............................................................................................... 120
IV. shell expansion
...................................................................................................................................... 122
12. commands and arguments
........................................................................................................ 125
12.1. arguments
......................................................................................................................... 126
12.2. white space removal
........................................................................................................ 126
12.3. single quotes
.................................................................................................................... 127
12.4. double quotes
................................................................................................................... 127
12.5. echo and quotes
............................................................................................................... 127
12.6. commands
........................................................................................................................ 128
12.7. aliases
............................................................................................................................... 129
12.8. displaying shell expansion
.............................................................................................. 130
12.9. practice: commands and arguments
................................................................................ 131
12.10. solution: commands and arguments
.............................................................................. 133
13. control operators
........................................................................................................................ 135
Linux Fundamentals
v
13.1. ; semicolon
....................................................................................................................... 136
13.2. & ampersand
.................................................................................................................... 136
13.3. $? dollar question mark
................................................................................................... 136
13.4. && double ampersand
.................................................................................................... 137
13.5. || double vertical bar
........................................................................................................ 137
13.6. combining && and ||
....................................................................................................... 137
13.7. # pound sign
.................................................................................................................... 138
13.8. escaping special characters
........................................................................................... 138
13.9. practice: control operators
............................................................................................... 139
13.10. solution: control operators
............................................................................................. 140
14. shell variables
............................................................................................................................. 141
14.1. $ dollar sign
..................................................................................................................... 142
14.2. case sensitive
................................................................................................................... 142
14.3. creating variables
............................................................................................................. 142
14.4. quotes
............................................................................................................................... 143
14.5. set
..................................................................................................................................... 143
14.6. unset
................................................................................................................................. 143
14.7. $PS1
................................................................................................................................. 144
14.8. $PATH
............................................................................................................................. 145
14.9. env
.................................................................................................................................... 146
14.10. export
............................................................................................................................. 146
14.11. delineate variables
......................................................................................................... 147
14.12. unbound variables
.......................................................................................................... 147
14.13. practice: shell variables
................................................................................................. 148
14.14. solution: shell variables
................................................................................................. 149
15. shell embedding and options
..................................................................................................... 150
15.1. shell embedding
............................................................................................................... 151
15.2. shell options
..................................................................................................................... 152
15.3. practice: shell embedding
................................................................................................ 153
15.4. solution: shell embedding
................................................................................................ 154
16. shell history
................................................................................................................................. 155
16.1. repeating the last command
............................................................................................ 156
16.2. repeating other commands
.............................................................................................. 156
16.3. history
.............................................................................................................................. 156
16.4. !n
...................................................................................................................................... 156
16.5. Ctrl-r
................................................................................................................................ 157
16.6. $HISTSIZE
...................................................................................................................... 157
16.7. $HISTFILE
...................................................................................................................... 157
16.8. $HISTFILESIZE
.............................................................................................................. 157
16.9. prevent recording a command
......................................................................................... 158
16.10. (optional)regular expressions
........................................................................................ 158
16.11. (optional) Korn shell history
......................................................................................... 158
16.12. practice: shell history
.................................................................................................... 159
16.13. solution: shell history
.................................................................................................... 160
17. file globbing
................................................................................................................................ 161
17.1. * asterisk
.......................................................................................................................... 162
17.2. ? question mark
............................................................................................................... 162
17.3. [] square brackets
............................................................................................................ 163
17.4. a-z and 0-9 ranges
........................................................................................................... 164
17.5. $LANG and square brackets
........................................................................................... 164
17.6. preventing file globbing
.................................................................................................. 165
17.7. practice: shell globbing
................................................................................................... 166
17.8. solution: shell globbing
................................................................................................... 167
V. pipes and commands
.............................................................................................................................. 169
18. I/O redirection
............................................................................................................................ 171
18.1. stdin, stdout, and stderr
................................................................................................... 172
18.2. output redirection
............................................................................................................. 173
18.3. error redirection
............................................................................................................... 175
Linux Fundamentals
vi
18.4. output redirection and pipes
............................................................................................ 176
18.5. joining stdout and stderr
................................................................................................. 176
18.6. input redirection
............................................................................................................... 177
18.7. confusing redirection
....................................................................................................... 178
18.8. quick file clear
................................................................................................................. 178
18.9. practice: input/output redirection
.................................................................................... 179
18.10. solution: input/output redirection
.................................................................................. 180
19. filters
............................................................................................................................................ 181
19.1. cat
..................................................................................................................................... 182
19.2. tee
..................................................................................................................................... 182
19.3. grep
.................................................................................................................................. 182
19.4. cut
.................................................................................................................................... 184
19.5. tr
....................................................................................................................................... 184
19.6. wc
..................................................................................................................................... 185
19.7. sort
................................................................................................................................... 186
19.8. uniq
.................................................................................................................................. 187
19.9. comm
............................................................................................................................... 188
19.10. od
................................................................................................................................... 189
19.11. sed
.................................................................................................................................. 190
19.12. pipe examples
................................................................................................................ 191
19.13. practice: filters
............................................................................................................... 192
19.14. solution: filters
............................................................................................................... 193
20. basic Unix tools
.......................................................................................................................... 195
20.1. find
................................................................................................................................... 196
20.2. locate
................................................................................................................................ 197
20.3. date
................................................................................................................................... 197
20.4. cal
..................................................................................................................................... 198
20.5. sleep
................................................................................................................................. 198
20.6. time

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