منصّة المكتبة 📘 قراءة كتاب Linux Fedora Core 3 Linux Fundamentals Paul Cobbaut أونلاين
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Table of Contents
I. introduction to Linux
................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Linux history
.................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1. 1969
....................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2. 1980s
...................................................................................................................................... 4
1.3. 1990s
...................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4. 2015
....................................................................................................................................... 5
2. distributions
...................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1. Red Hat
.................................................................................................................................. 7
2.2. Ubuntu
................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3. Debian
.................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4. Other
...................................................................................................................................... 7
2.5. Which to choose ?
................................................................................................................. 8
3. licensing
............................................................................................................................................. 9
3.1. about software licenses
....................................................................................................... 10
3.2. public domain software and freeware
................................................................................. 10
3.3. Free Software or Open Source Software
............................................................................ 10
3.4. GNU General Public License
.............................................................................................. 11
3.5. using GPLv3 software
......................................................................................................... 11
3.6. BSD license
......................................................................................................................... 12
3.7. other licenses
....................................................................................................................... 12
3.8. combination of software licenses
........................................................................................ 12
II. installing Linux
......................................................................................................................................... 13
4. installing Debian 8
......................................................................................................................... 15
4.1. Debian
.................................................................................................................................. 16
4.2. Downloading
........................................................................................................................ 16
4.3. virtualbox networking
......................................................................................................... 32
4.4. setting the hostname
............................................................................................................ 34
4.5. adding a static ip address
.................................................................................................... 34
4.6. Debian package management
.............................................................................................. 35
5. installing CentOS 7
........................................................................................................................ 36
5.1. download a CentOS 7 image
.............................................................................................. 37
5.2. Virtualbox
............................................................................................................................ 39
5.3. CentOS 7 installing
............................................................................................................. 44
5.4. CentOS 7 first logon
........................................................................................................... 52
5.5. Virtualbox network interface
.............................................................................................. 53
5.6. configuring the network
...................................................................................................... 54
5.7. adding one static ip address
................................................................................................ 54
5.8. package management
........................................................................................................... 55
5.9. logon from Linux and MacOSX
......................................................................................... 56
5.10. logon from MS Windows
................................................................................................. 56
6. getting Linux at home
................................................................................................................... 58
6.1. download a Linux CD image
.............................................................................................. 59
6.2. download Virtualbox
........................................................................................................... 59
6.3. create a virtual machine
...................................................................................................... 60
6.4. attach the CD image
............................................................................................................ 65
6.5. install Linux
......................................................................................................................... 68
III. first steps on the command line
.............................................................................................................. 69
7. man pages
....................................................................................................................................... 71
7.1. man $command
................................................................................................................... 72
7.2. man $configfile
.................................................................................................................... 72
7.3. man $daemon
...................................................................................................................... 72
7.4. man -k (apropos)
................................................................................................................. 72
7.5. whatis
................................................................................................................................... 72
7.6. whereis
................................................................................................................................. 72
7.7. man sections
........................................................................................................................ 73
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7.8. man $section $file
............................................................................................................... 73
7.9. man man
.............................................................................................................................. 73
7.10. mandb
................................................................................................................................ 73
8. working with directories
............................................................................................................... 74
8.1. pwd
...................................................................................................................................... 75
8.2. cd
.......................................................................................................................................... 75
8.3. absolute and relative paths
.................................................................................................. 76
8.4. path completion
................................................................................................................... 77
8.5. ls
........................................................................................................................................... 77
8.6. mkdir
.................................................................................................................................... 79
8.7. rmdir
.................................................................................................................................... 79
8.8. practice: working with directories
....................................................................................... 81
8.9. solution: working with directories
...................................................................................... 82
9. working with files
........................................................................................................................... 84
9.1. all files are case sensitive
................................................................................................... 85
9.2. everything is a file
.............................................................................................................. 85
9.3. file
........................................................................................................................................ 85
9.4. touch
.................................................................................................................................... 86
9.5. rm
......................................................................................................................................... 87
9.6. cp
.......................................................................................................................................... 88
9.7. mv
........................................................................................................................................ 89
9.8. rename
.................................................................................................................................. 90
9.9. practice: working with files
................................................................................................ 91
9.10. solution: working with files
.............................................................................................. 92
10. working with file contents
........................................................................................................... 94
10.1. head
.................................................................................................................................... 95
10.2. tail
...................................................................................................................................... 95
10.3. cat
....................................................................................................................................... 96
10.4. tac
....................................................................................................................................... 97
10.5. more and less
..................................................................................................................... 98
10.6. strings
................................................................................................................................. 98
10.7. practice: file contents
........................................................................................................ 99
10.8. solution: file contents
...................................................................................................... 100
11. the Linux file tree
...................................................................................................................... 101
11.1. filesystem hierarchy standard
.......................................................................................... 102
11.2. man hier
........................................................................................................................... 102
11.3. the root directory /
........................................................................................................... 102
11.4. binary directories
............................................................................................................. 103
11.5. configuration directories
.................................................................................................. 105
11.6. data directories
................................................................................................................ 107
11.7. in memory directories
..................................................................................................... 109
11.8. /usr Unix System Resources
............................................................................................ 114
11.9. /var variable data
............................................................................................................. 116
11.10. practice: file system tree
............................................................................................... 118
11.11. solution: file system tree
............................................................................................... 120
IV. shell expansion
...................................................................................................................................... 122
12. commands and arguments
........................................................................................................ 125
12.1. arguments
......................................................................................................................... 126
12.2. white space removal
........................................................................................................ 126
12.3. single quotes
.................................................................................................................... 127
12.4. double quotes
................................................................................................................... 127
12.5. echo and quotes
............................................................................................................... 127
12.6. commands
........................................................................................................................ 128
12.7. aliases
............................................................................................................................... 129
12.8. displaying shell expansion
.............................................................................................. 130
12.9. practice: commands and arguments
................................................................................ 131
12.10. solution: commands and arguments
.............................................................................. 133
13. control operators
........................................................................................................................ 135
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13.1. ; semicolon
....................................................................................................................... 136
13.2. & ampersand
.................................................................................................................... 136
13.3. $? dollar question mark
................................................................................................... 136
13.4. && double ampersand
.................................................................................................... 137
13.5. || double vertical bar
........................................................................................................ 137
13.6. combining && and ||
....................................................................................................... 137
13.7. # pound sign
.................................................................................................................... 138
13.8. escaping special characters
........................................................................................... 138
13.9. practice: control operators
............................................................................................... 139
13.10. solution: control operators
............................................................................................. 140
14. shell variables
............................................................................................................................. 141
14.1. $ dollar sign
..................................................................................................................... 142
14.2. case sensitive
................................................................................................................... 142
14.3. creating variables
............................................................................................................. 142
14.4. quotes
............................................................................................................................... 143
14.5. set
..................................................................................................................................... 143
14.6. unset
................................................................................................................................. 143
14.7. $PS1
................................................................................................................................. 144
14.8. $PATH
............................................................................................................................. 145
14.9. env
.................................................................................................................................... 146
14.10. export
............................................................................................................................. 146
14.11. delineate variables
......................................................................................................... 147
14.12. unbound variables
.......................................................................................................... 147
14.13. practice: shell variables
................................................................................................. 148
14.14. solution: shell variables
................................................................................................. 149
15. shell embedding and options
..................................................................................................... 150
15.1. shell embedding
............................................................................................................... 151
15.2. shell options
..................................................................................................................... 152
15.3. practice: shell embedding
................................................................................................ 153
15.4. solution: shell embedding
................................................................................................ 154
16. shell history
................................................................................................................................. 155
16.1. repeating the last command
............................................................................................ 156
16.2. repeating other commands
.............................................................................................. 156
16.3. history
.............................................................................................................................. 156
16.4. !n
...................................................................................................................................... 156
16.5. Ctrl-r
................................................................................................................................ 157
16.6. $HISTSIZE
...................................................................................................................... 157
16.7. $HISTFILE
...................................................................................................................... 157
16.8. $HISTFILESIZE
.............................................................................................................. 157
16.9. prevent recording a command
......................................................................................... 158
16.10. (optional)regular expressions
........................................................................................ 158
16.11. (optional) Korn shell history
......................................................................................... 158
16.12. practice: shell history
.................................................................................................... 159
16.13. solution: shell history
.................................................................................................... 160
17. file globbing
................................................................................................................................ 161
17.1. * asterisk
.......................................................................................................................... 162
17.2. ? question mark
............................................................................................................... 162
17.3. [] square brackets
............................................................................................................ 163
17.4. a-z and 0-9 ranges
........................................................................................................... 164
17.5. $LANG and square brackets
........................................................................................... 164
17.6. preventing file globbing
.................................................................................................. 165
17.7. practice: shell globbing
................................................................................................... 166
17.8. solution: shell globbing
................................................................................................... 167
V. pipes and commands
.............................................................................................................................. 169
18. I/O redirection
............................................................................................................................ 171
18.1. stdin, stdout, and stderr
................................................................................................... 172
18.2. output redirection
............................................................................................................. 173
18.3. error redirection
............................................................................................................... 175
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18.4. output redirection and pipes
............................................................................................ 176
18.5. joining stdout and stderr
................................................................................................. 176
18.6. input redirection
............................................................................................................... 177
18.7. confusing redirection
....................................................................................................... 178
18.8. quick file clear
................................................................................................................. 178
18.9. practice: input/output redirection
.................................................................................... 179
18.10. solution: input/output redirection
.................................................................................. 180
19. filters
............................................................................................................................................ 181
19.1. cat
..................................................................................................................................... 182
19.2. tee
..................................................................................................................................... 182
19.3. grep
.................................................................................................................................. 182
19.4. cut
.................................................................................................................................... 184
19.5. tr
....................................................................................................................................... 184
19.6. wc
..................................................................................................................................... 185
19.7. sort
................................................................................................................................... 186
19.8. uniq
.................................................................................................................................. 187
19.9. comm
............................................................................................................................... 188
19.10. od
................................................................................................................................... 189
19.11. sed
.................................................................................................................................. 190
19.12. pipe examples
................................................................................................................ 191
19.13. practice: filters
............................................................................................................... 192
19.14. solution: filters
............................................................................................................... 193
20. basic Unix tools
.......................................................................................................................... 195
20.1. find
................................................................................................................................... 196
20.2. locate
................................................................................................................................ 197
20.3. date
................................................................................................................................... 197
20.4. cal
..................................................................................................................................... 198
20.5. sleep
................................................................................................................................. 198
20.6. time
.................................................................................................................................. 199
20.7. gzip - gunzip
.................................................................................................................... 200
20.8. zcat - zmore
..................................................................................................................... 200
20.9. bzip2 - bunzip2
................................................................................................................ 201
20.10. bzcat - bzmore
............................................................................................................... 201
20.11. practice: basic Unix tools
.............................................................................................. 202
20.12. solution: basic Unix tools
.............................................................................................. 203
21. regular expressions
.................................................................................................................... 205
21.1. regex versions
.................................................................................................................. 206
21.2. grep
.................................................................................................................................. 207
21.3. rename
.............................................................................................................................. 212
21.4. sed
.................................................................................................................................... 215
21.5. bash history
...................................................................................................................... 219
VI. vi
............................................................................................................................................................ 220
22. Introduction to vi
....................................................................................................................... 222
22.1. command mode and insert mode
.................................................................................... 223
22.2. start typing (a A i I o O)
................................................................................................ 223
22.3. replace and delete a character (r x X)
............................................................................. 224
22.4. undo and repeat (u .)
....................................................................................................... 224
22.5. cut, copy and paste a line (dd yy p P)
............................................................................ 224
22.6. cut, copy and paste lines (3dd 2yy)
................................................................................ 225
22.7. start and end of a line (0 or ^ and $)
.............................................................................. 225
22.8. join two lines (J) and more
............................................................................................. 225
22.9. words (w b)
..................................................................................................................... 226
22.10. save (or not) and exit (:w :q :q! )
.................................................................................. 226
22.11. Searching (/ ?)
................................................................................................................ 226
22.12. replace all ( :1,$ s/foo/bar/g )
........................................................................................ 227
22.13. reading files (:r :r !cmd)
................................................................................................ 227
22.14. text buffers
..................................................................................................................... 227
22.15. multiple files
.................................................................................................................. 227
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22.16. abbreviations
.................................................................................................................. 228
22.17. key mappings
................................................................................................................. 229
22.18. setting options
................................................................................................................ 229
22.19. practice: vi(m)
............................................................................................................... 230
22.20. solution: vi(m)
............................................................................................................... 231
VII. scripting
................................................................................................................................................ 232
23. scripting introduction
................................................................................................................ 234
23.1. prerequisites
..................................................................................................................... 235
23.2. hello world
....................................................................................................................... 235
23.3. she-bang
........................................................................................................................... 235
23.4. comment
........................................................................................................................... 236
23.5. variables
........................................................................................................................... 236
23.6. sourcing a script
.............................................................................................................. 236
23.7. troubleshooting a script
................................................................................................... 237
23.8. prevent setuid root spoofing
............................................................................................ 237
23.9. practice: introduction to scripting
................................................................................... 238
23.10. solution: introduction to scripting
................................................................................. 239
24. scripting loops
............................................................................................................................. 240
24.1. test [ ]
............................................................................................................................... 241
24.2. if then else
....................................................................................................................... 242
24.3. if then elif
........................................................................................................................ 242
24.4. for loop
............................................................................................................................ 242
24.5. while loop
........................................................................................................................ 243
24.6. until loop
.......................................................................................................................... 243
24.7. practice: scripting tests and loops
................................................................................... 244
24.8. solution: scripting tests and loops
................................................................................... 245
25. scripting parameters
.................................................................................................................. 247
25.1. script parameters
.............................................................................................................. 248
25.2. shift through parameters
.................................................................................................. 249
25.3. runtime input
................................................................................................................... 249
25.4. sourcing a config file
...................................................................................................... 250
25.5. get script options with getopts
........................................................................................ 251
25.6. get shell options with shopt
............................................................................................ 252
25.7. practice: parameters and options
..................................................................................... 253
25.8. solution: parameters and options
..................................................................................... 254
26. more scripting
............................................................................................................................. 255
26.1. eval
................................................................................................................................... 256
26.2. (( ))
................................................................................................................................... 256
26.3. let
..................................................................................................................................... 257
26.4. case
.................................................................................................................................. 258
26.5. shell functions
.................................................................................................................. 259
26.6. practice : more scripting
.................................................................................................. 260
26.7. solution : more scripting
.................................................................................................. 261
VIII. local user management
....................................................................................................................... 263
27. introduction to users
.................................................................................................................. 266
27.1. whoami
............................................................................................................................ 267
27.2. who
.................................................................................................................................. 267
27.3. who am i
.......................................................................................................................... 267
27.4. w
...................................................................................................................................... 267
27.5. id
...................................................................................................................................... 267
27.6. su to another user
............................................................................................................ 268
27.7. su to root
......................................................................................................................... 268
27.8. su as root
......................................................................................................................... 268
27.9. su - $username
................................................................................................................ 268
27.10. su -
................................................................................................................................. 268
27.11. run a program as another user
...................................................................................... 269
27.12. visudo
............................................................................................................................. 269
27.13. sudo su -
........................................................................................................................ 270
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27.14. sudo logging
.................................................................................................................. 270
27.15. practice: introduction to users
....................................................................................... 271
27.16. solution: introduction to users
....................................................................................... 272
28. user management
....................................................................................................................... 274
28.1. user management
............................................................................................................. 275
28.2. /etc/passwd
....................................................................................................................... 275
28.3. root
................................................................................................................................... 275
28.4. useradd
............................................................................................................................. 276
28.5. /etc/default/useradd
.......................................................................................................... 276
28.6. userdel
.............................................................................................................................. 276
28.7. usermod
............................................................................................................................ 276
28.8. creating home directories
................................................................................................ 277
28.9. /etc/skel/
........................................................................................................................... 277
28.10. deleting home directories
.............................................................................................. 277
28.11. login shell
...................................................................................................................... 278
28.12. chsh
................................................................................................................................ 278
28.13. practice: user management
............................................................................................ 279
28.14. solution: user management
............................................................................................ 280
29. user passwords
............................................................................................................................ 282
29.1. passwd
.............................................................................................................................. 283
29.2. shadow file
...................................................................................................................... 283
29.3. encryption with passwd
................................................................................................... 284
29.4. encryption with openssl
................................................................................................... 284
29.5. encryption with crypt
...................................................................................................... 285
29.6. /etc/login.defs
................................................................................................................... 286
29.7. chage
................................................................................................................................ 286
29.8. disabling a password
....................................................................................................... 287
29.9. editing local files
............................................................................................................. 287
29.10. practice: user passwords
................................................................................................ 288
29.11. solution: user passwords
................................................................................................ 289
30. user profiles
................................................................................................................................ 291
30.1. system profile
.................................................................................................................. 292
30.2. ~/.bash_profile
................................................................................................................. 292
30.3. ~/.bash_login
.................................................................................................................... 293
30.4. ~/.profile
.......................................................................................................................... 293
30.5. ~/.bashrc
........................................................................................................................... 293
30.6. ~/.bash_logout
.................................................................................................................. 294
30.7. Debian overview
.............................................................................................................. 295
30.8. RHEL5 overview
............................................................................................................. 295
30.9. practice: user profiles
...................................................................................................... 296
30.10. solution: user profiles
.................................................................................................... 297
31. groups
.......................................................................................................................................... 298
31.1. groupadd
.......................................................................................................................... 299
31.2. group file
......................................................................................................................... 299
31.3. groups
.............................................................................................................................. 299
31.4. usermod
............................................................................................................................ 300
31.5. groupmod
......................................................................................................................... 300
31.6. groupdel
........................................................................................................................... 300
31.7. gpasswd
............................................................................................................................ 301
31.8. newgrp
............................................................................................................................. 302
31.9. vigr
................................................................................................................................... 302
31.10. practice: groups
............................................................................................................. 303
31.11. solution: groups
............................................................................................................. 304
IX. file security
............................................................................................................................................ 305
32. standard file permissions
.......................................................................................................... 307
32.1. file ownership
.................................................................................................................. 308
32.2. list of special files
........................................................................................................... 310
32.3. permissions
...................................................................................................................... 311
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