❞ كتاب an-introduction-to-applied-linguistics ❝ ⏤ Alan Davies

هذا القسم يحتوي علي مصادر خاصة بعلم الأصوات.
هو فرعٌ من فروع اللسانيات "أي علم اللغة"، وهذا الفرعُ يعنى بتطبيق النظريات اللغوية ومعالجة المشكلات المتعلقة باكتساب اللغة الأولى والثانية وتعليمها. كما يعنى هذا الحقل بالتحليل التقابلي بين اللغات للاستفادة منه في تحسين ظروف تعلم اللغات وتدريسها. تأثر هذا الحقل من اللسانيات بنظريات العالم اللغوي الأمريكي المعروف "ناعوم تشومسكي"، وخاصة نظرية النحو الكلي "Universal Grammar" والتي تفسر قدرة الإنسان على اكتساب أي لغة بشرية بغض النظر عن عرقه أو لونه أو معتقده أو ديانته، ومن ثم محاولة توظيف هذه النظرية في سبيل الوصول إلى فهم أكثر لعملية الاكتساب اللغوي. ويعد عقد التسعينيات من القرن العشرين هو عقد ازدهار حقل اللسانيات التطبيقية، حيث أصبح بعض الشيء حقلاً مستقلاً عن اللسانيات النظرية "Theoretical Linguistics" وأصبحت العديد من الجامعات تقدم برامج للدراسات العليا المتخصصة باللسانيات التطبيقية كما أصبح هناك العديد من المراكز والمنظمات التي تعنى بهذا الحقل كالجمعية الأمريكية للسانيات التطبيقية، ومركز اللسانيات التطبيقية بالولايات المتحدة وغيرها من المنظمات بأمريكا والمملكة المتحدة.

حقل اللسانيات التطبيقية يتقاطع مع فروع أخرى للمعرفة ومن هذه الفروع بالإضافة إلى اللسانيات، هناك علم الإنسان "Anthropology" وعلم النفس "Psychology" والتربية والتعليم "Education" وكذلك علم الإدراك "The Cognitive Science" ويحاول توظيف كل ما تنتجه فروع المعرفة هذه لصالح تعلم اللغات واكتسابها بين البشر.

Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. Some of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, psychology, communication research, anthropology, and sociology.

contents
1              Domain
2               Journals
3               History
4       Associations
4.1            Australia
4.2            Canada
4.3            Ireland
4.4            Japan
4.5    New Zealand
4.6    South Africa
4.7    United Kingdom
4.8    United States

Domain
Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field. Major branches of applied linguistics include bilingualism and multilingualism, conversation analysis, contrastive linguistics, sign linguistics, language assessment, literacies, discourse analysis, language pedagogy, second language acquisition, language planning and policy, interlinguistics, stylistics, language teacher education, pragmatics, forensic linguistics and translation.

Journals
Major journals of the field include Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, Applied Linguistics, Journal of Applied Linguistics, International Review of Applied Linguistics, International Journal of Applied Linguistics, European Journal of Applied Linguistics, Issues in Applied Linguistics, Language Learning, Language and Education, TESOL Quarterly, and Linguistics and Education.

History
The tradition of applied linguistics established itself in part as a response to the narrowing of focus in linguistics with the advent in the late 1950s of generative linguistics, and has always maintained a socially-accountable role, demonstrated by its central interest in language problems.[1]

Although the field of applied linguistics started from Europe and the United States, the field rapidly flourished in the international context.

Applied linguistics first concerned itself with principles and practices on the basis of linguistics. In the early days, applied linguistics was thought as “linguistics-applied” at least from the outside of the field. In the 1960s, however, applied linguistics was expanded to include language assessment, language policy, and second language acquisition. As early as the 1970s, applied linguistics became a problem-driven field rather than theoretical linguistics, including the solution of language-related problems in the real world. By the 1990s, applied linguistics had broadened including critical studies and multilingualism. Research in applied linguistics was shifted to "the theoretical and empirical investigation of real world problems in which language is a central issue."[2]

In the United States, applied linguistics also began narrowly as the application of insights from structural linguistics—first to the teaching of English in schools and subsequently to second and foreign language teaching. The linguistics applied approach to language teaching was promulgated most strenuously by Leonard Bloomfield, who developed the foundation for the Army Specialized Training Program, and by Charles C. Fries, who established the English Language Institute (ELI) at the University of Michigan in 1941. In 1946, Applied linguistics became a recognized field of studies in the aforementioned university.[3] In 1948, the Research Club at Michigan established Language Learning: A Journal of Applied Linguistics, the first journal to bear the term applied linguistics. In the late 1960s, applied linguistics began to establish its own identity as an interdisciplinary field of linguistics concerned with real-world language issues. The new identity was solidified by the creation of the American Association for Applied Linguistics in 1977.

an-introduction-to-applied-linguistics

An Introduction to
Applied Linguistics
Second Edition
EDINBURGH TEXTBOOKS IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS
SERIES EDITORS: ALAN DAVIES & KEITH MITCHELL
This Second Edition of the foundational textbook An Introduction to Applied Linguistics provides
a state-of-the-art account of contemporary applied linguistics. The kinds of language problems
of interest to applied linguists are discussed and a distinction drawn between the different
research approach taken by theoretical linguists and by applied linguists to what seem to be
the same problems. Professor Davies describes a variety of projects which illustrate the
interests of the field and highlight the marriage it offers between practical experience and
theoretical understanding. The increasing emphasis of applied linguistics on ethicality is linked
to the growth of professionalism and to the concern for accountability, manifested in the
widening emphasis on critical stances. This, Davies argues, is at its most acute in the tension
between giving advice as the outcome of research and taking political action in order to
change a situation which, it is claimed, needs ameliorisation. This dilemma is not confined to
applied linguistics and may now be endemic in the applied disciplines.
Key features
• surveys current issues in applied linguistics, including the concept of the Native Speaker and
the development of World Englishes
• examines the influence of linguistics, cognitive science and philosophy on applied linguistics and
makes a contrast with educational linguistics
• proposes that a key issue for the profession will increasingly be the tension between advice and
action
• suggests that applied linguistics is a theorising rather than a theoretical discipline.
Alan Davies is a long-term member of staff of the Department of Applied Linguistics in the
University of Edinburgh. His publications include Principles of Language Testing, The Native
Speaker: Myth and Reality, Dictionary of Language Testing, The Handbook of Applied Linguistics and
A Glossary of Applied Linguistics.
Cover design: River Design, Edinburgh
Edinburgh University Press
22 George Square, Edinburgh
ISBN 978 0 7486 3355 5
A L A N D A V I E S Edinburgh
A L A N D A V I E S
An Introduction to Applied Linguistics
An Introduction to Applied Linguistics
From Practice to Theory
Second Edition
A L A N D A V I E S
This new textbook series provides advanced introductions to the main areas of study in
contemporary Applied Linguistics, with a principal focus on the theory and practice of
language teaching and language learning and on the processes and problems of language in use.
EDINBURGH TEXTBOOKS IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS
SERIES EDITORS: ALAN DAVIES & KEITH MITCHELL
From Practice to Theory

A L A N D A V I E S

 
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