❞ كتاب SPOKEN ENGLISH A Self-Learning Guide to Conversation Practice ❝ ⏤ مجموعة من المؤلفين

هذا القسم يحتوى علي مجموعة من الكتب والقصص التي تكسب المتعلم مهاراة التحدث.

المحادثة هي التواصل بين العديد من الناس. إنها مهارة اجتماعية ليست صعبة لمعظم الأفراد. المحادثات هي النموذج المثالي للتواصل في بعض النواحي، حيث أنها تسمح للناس ذوي وجهات النظر المختلفة حول موضوع معين بالتعلم مع بعضهم البعض. وعلى صعيد آخر فالخطاب هو عرضا شفويا من قبل شخص واحد موجها إلى مجموعة من الأفراد.

لمحادثة ناجحة يجب على المشتركين تحقيق توازن عملي في المساهمات. المحادثة الناجحة تشمل تبادل الاتصالات المثيرة للاهتمام بين المتحدثين أو الأشياء التي يعؤفها المتحدثين. لكي يحدث هذا، فإن هؤلاء المشتركون في المحادثة يجب أن يجدوا موضوعا يستطيعون التواصل من خلاله بوعي. أولئك الذين بشتركون في المحادثة بطبيعة الحال يميلون إلى أن ينسبوا ما يقوله المتحدثون الأخرون لأنفسهم. انهم أحيانا يقومون بإظهار جوانب حياتهم في ردودهم من أجل الاتصال بآراء الشخص الآخر أو نقاط الحديث.

Conversation is interactive communication between two or more people.

The development of conversational skills and etiquette is an important part of socialization. The development of conversational skills in a new language is a frequent focus of language teaching and learning.

Conversation analysis is a branch of sociology which studies the structure and organization of human interaction, with a more specific focus on conversational interaction

Contents
1    Definition and characterization
2    Classification
2.1    Banter
2.2    Discussion
2.3    Subject
2.4    Functions
3    Aspects
3.1    Differences between men and women
3.2    Between strangers
3.3    Narcissism
3.4    Artificial intelligence
3.5    One's self
4    In the media
5    Literature
5.1    In fiction
5.2    In "Six Benefits of Better Conversation"

Definition and characterization

No generally accepted definition of conversation exists, beyond the fact that a conversation involves at least two people talking together.[1] Consequently, the term is often defined by what it is not. A ritualized exchange such as a mutual greeting is not a conversation, and an interaction that includes a marked status differential (such as a boss giving orders) is also not a conversation.[2] An interaction with a tightly focused topic or purpose is also generally not considered a conversation.[3] Summarizing these properties, one authority writes that "Conversation is the kind of speech that happens informally, symmetrically, and for the purposes of establishing and maintaining social ties."[4]

From a less technical perspective, a writer on etiquette in the early 20th century defined conversation as the polite give and take of subjects thought of by people talking with each other for company.[5]

Conversations follow rules of etiquette because conversations are social interactions, and therefore depend on social convention. Specific rules for conversation arise from the cooperative principle. Failure to adhere to these rules causes the conversation to deteriorate or eventually to end. Contributions to a conversation are responses to what has previously been said.

Subject
Many conversations can be divided into four categories according to their major subject content:

Subjective ideas, which often serve to extend understanding and awareness.
Objective facts, which may serve to consolidate a widely held view.
Other people (usually absent), which may be either critical, competitive, or supportive. This includes gossip.
Oneself, which sometimes indicate attention-seeking behavior or can provide relevant information about oneself to participants in the conversation.
Practically, few conversations fall exclusively into one category. Nevertheless, the proportional distribution of any given conversation between the categories can offer useful psychological insights into the mind set of the participants. This is the reason that the majority of conversations are difficult to categorize.

Functions
Most conversations may be classified by their goal. Conversational ends may, however, shift over the life of the conversation.

Functional conversation is designed to convey information in order to help achieve an individual or group goal.
Small talk is a type of conversation where the topic is less important than the social purpose of achieving bonding between people or managing personal distance, such as 'how is the weather' might be portrayed as an example, which conveys no practicality whatsoever.

SPOKEN ENGLISH

This book will help you in speaking better and correct English. After reading this book you will feel much more confident and better-equipped at speaking English.

SPOKEN ENGLISH
A Self-Learning Guide to Conversation
Practice
V. SASIKUMAR
Department of Materials Production Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
Hyderabad
P.V. DHAMUA
Department of Phonetics and Spoken English Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
Hyderabad

INTRODUCTION
A course in spoken English may be either in the form of 'what to say', or in the form of 'how to say*. The former is usually focussed on English conversation, and the latter on English pronunciation. The former aims to teach how to express communicative functions, such as asking questions, making requests, getting things done, or expressing greetings, farewells, apologies, regrets, thanks, etc. The latter, on the other hand, aims at teaching the pronunciation of words, phrases, and sentences.
Normally, books on spoken English are one or the other of the above two kinds. The present book, however, deals with spoken English in both its aspects: words, phrases, and expressions appropriate to important situationally-governed communicative functions, and the way they ought to be orally delivered.
The book comprises twenty units. Each unit begins with a dialogue or conversation, which the learner is first supposed to listen to or read carefully. Then he is helped to understand it with the help of a few leading comprehension questions, and a functional glossary. After he has done so, he is led through several useful points of pronunciation and is given adequate practice in them. Then he attends to one communicative function, which forms a prominent part of the passage. He is also expected here to work out one or two exercises so that he will perform the function efficiently. Finally, he is taken through one or two points of usage arising from the passage and useful for everyday colloquial English.
Each dialogue or conversation is available on an audio-cassette, which forms an integral part of the book. The learner will do well to listen to the dialogue/conversation in each unit and do the exercises in each section. If he cannot use the cassette, he may read the dialogue/ conversation instead of listening to it, and do the exercises. How

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