❞ كتاب individual and social ethics ❝ ⏤ برتراند راسل

Regarding personal morality, Bertrand Russell says: No one is entirely free and no one is entirely a slave. To the extent that man enjoys freedom, he also needs personal morality for his guidance... There are those who say that man need only follow the accepted moral rules of the society to which he belongs. But I do not think that any anthropologist would be satisfied with this answer. Things like cannibalism or human sacrifice or cutting off and displaying the heads of enemies or murder and execution have ceased to exist simply because of moral objections to conventional opinions and beliefs.

If one really wants to live in the best possible way, one must learn to criticize the superstitions, customs, and beliefs of the tribe that are accepted by some of those around him. Bertrand Russell's view on "individual perfection" is as follows: If a person believes in his conscience and deeply that he should act in a certain way, or his reason tells him that such and such a thing is better, even if that action is condemned by the government, he should follow his conviction and do that right thing... On the contrary, society should also leave that person free to follow his beliefs, except when there are very strong reasons to prevent him from doing that action or belief. According to Bertrand Russell, what disturbs every rational person is that nameless and anonymous forces dominate the daily lives of some people, and although no one else Legally, these people are not slaves to anyone, but those nameless individuals and groups have made people slaves to circumstances.

This situation has arisen as a result of the worship of false gods introduced by prophets in the past... The active have worshipped power instead of joy, happiness and friendship, and the less active have been silent or have been deceived by those who have erred in recognizing the root of sorrow. The late Bertrand Russell has pointed out this point about "society": A good society is a means for the individuals of society to achieve a good life, not something that has a kind of perfection in itself... Our political and social thinking is prone to what can be called the "management fallacy", that is, the habit of looking at society as a systematic whole that, if it were an example of order and order, and an organism whose parts fit together beautifully and whose viewing is a source of emotion If it feels good... then they say it's good... when this is wrong, because the highest value should be found in each individual, not in a whole.
برتراند راسل - فيلسوف وعالم منطق ورياضي ومؤرخ وناقد اجتماعي بريطاني. في مراحل مختلفة من حياته، كان راسل ليبرالياً واشتراكياً وداعية سلام، إلا أنه أقر أنه لم يكن أياً من هؤلاء بالمعنى العميق.

وعلى الرغم من قضائه معظم حياته في إنجلترا، وُلد راسل في ويلز وتوفي عن عمر ناهز الـ 100 عاما.

❰ له مجموعة من الإنجازات والمؤلفات أبرزها ❞ حكمة الغرب ❝ ❞ فى التربية ❝ ❞ الفوز بالسعادة ❝ ❞ إنتصار السعادة ❝ ❞ تاريخ الفلسفة الغربية الكتاب الثالث الفلسفة الحديثة ❝ ❞ أصول الرياضيات جزئين ❝ ❞ بحوث غير مألوفة ❝ ❞ سيرتى الذاتية ج1 ❝ ❞ آثر العلم في المجتمع ❝ الناشرين : ❞ دار المعارف ❝ ❞ الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ❝ ❞ المركز القومي للترجمة ❝ ❞ المجلس الوطني للثقافة والفنون والآداب ❝ ❞ المدى للإعلام والثقافة والفنون ❝ ❞ دار الرافدين للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع ❝ ❞ دار مكتبة الحياة ❝ ❞ دار التكوين للتأليف والترجمة والنشر ❝ ❞ المؤسسة الجامعية للدراسات و النشر و التوزيع ❝ ❞ دار آفاق للنشر والتوزيع ❝ ❞ دار الأمير للنشر والتوزيع والترجمة ❝ ❱
من الفكر والفلسفة - مكتبة المكتبة التجريبية.