❞ كتاب ++A Complete Guide to Programming in C ❝

++A Complete Guide to Programming in C

A Complete Guide to
Programming in C++
Ulla Kirch-Prinz
Peter Prinz

المرجع الشامل فى ال ++VC.

This book was written for readers interested in learning the C++ programming
language from scratch, and for both novice and advanced C++ programmers
wishing to enhance their knowledge of C++. It was our goal from the begin-
ning to design this text with the capabilities of serving dual markets, as a text-
book for students and as a holistic reference manual for professionals.
The C++ language definition is based on the
A
merican
N
ational
S
tan-
dards
I
nstitute
ANSI Standard
X3J16. This standard also complies with ISO
norm 14882, which was ratified by the
I
nternational
S
tandardization
O
rgani-
zation in 1998. The C++ programming language is thus platform-independent
in the main with a majority of C++ compilers providing ANSI support. New
elements of the C++ language, such as exception handling and templates, are
supported by most of the major compilers. Visit the Jones and Bartlett web site
at www.jbpub.com for a listing of compilers available for this text.
The
chapters
in this book are organized to guide the reader from elemen-
tary language concepts to professional software development, with in-depth
coverage of all the C++ language elements en route. The order in which these
elements are discussed reflects our goal of helping the reader to create useful
programs at every step of the way.
preface


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xi
Chapter 1
Fundamentals 1
Development and Properties of C++ 2
Object-Oriented Programming 4
Developing a C++ Program 6
A Beginner’s C++ Program 8
Structure of Simple C++ Programs 10
Exercises 12
Solutions 14
Chapter 2
Fundamental Types, Constants, and Variables 15
Fundamental Types 16
Constants 22
Escape Sequences 26
Names 28
Variables 30
The Keywords const and volatile 32
Exercises 34
Solutions 36
contents
Chapter 3
Using Functions and Classes 39
Declaring Functions 40
Function Calls 42
Type void for Functions 44
Header Files 46
Standard Header Files 48
Using Standard Classes 50
Exercises 52
Solutions 54
Chapter 4
Input and Output with Streams 57
Streams 58
Formatting and Manipulators 60
Formatted Output of Integers 62
Formatted Output of Floating-Point Numbers 64
Output in Fields 66
Output of Characters, Strings, and Boolean Values 68
Formatted Input 70
Formatted Input of Numbers 72
Unformatted Input/Output 74
Exercises 76
Solutions 78
Chapter 5
Operators for Fundamental Types 81
Binary Arithmetic Operators 82
Unary Arithmetic Operators 84
Assignments 86
Relational Operators 88
Logical Operators 90
Exercises 92
Solutions 94
Chapter 6
Control Flow 95
The while Statement 96
The for Statement 98
The do-while Statement 102
Selections with if-else 104
Else-if Chains 106
Conditional Expressions 108
Selecting with switch 110
Jumps with break, continue, and goto 112
Exercises 114
Solutions 116
xii
■
CONTENTS
Chapter 7
Symbolic Constants and Macros 119
Macros 120
Macros with Parameters 122
Working with the #define Directive 124
Conditional Inclusion 126
Standard Macros for Character Manipulation 128
Redirecting Standard Input and Output 130
Exercises 132
Solutions 134
Chapter 8
Converting Arithmetic Types 139
Implicit Type Conversions 140
Performing Usual Arithmetic Type Conversions 142
Implicit Type Conversions in Assignments 144
More Type Conversions 146
Exercises 148
Solutions 150
Chapter 9
The Standard Class string 153
Defining and Assigning Strings 154
Concatenating Strings 156
Comparing Strings 158
Inserting and Erasing in Strings 160
Searching and Replacing in Strings 162
Accessing Characters in Strings 164
Exercises 166
Solutions 168
Chapter 10
Functions 171
Significance of Functions in C++ 172
Defining Functions 174
Return Value of Functions 176
Passing Arguments 178
Inline Functions 180
Default Arguments 182
Overloading Functions 184
Recursive Functions 186
Exercises 188
Solutions 191
Chapter 11
Storage Classes and Namespaces 197
Storage Classes of Objects 198
The Storage Class extern 200
CONTENTS
■
xiii
Members of Derived Classes 504
Member Access 506
Redefining Members 508
Constructing and Destroying Derived Classes 510
Objects of Derived Classes 512
Protected Members 514
Exercises 516
Solutions 520
Chapter 24
Type Conversion in Class Hierarchies 529
Converting to Base Classes 530
Type Conversions and Assignments 532
Converting References and Pointers 534
Explicit Type Conversions 536
Exercises 538
Solutions 540
Chapter 25
Polymorphism 543
Concept of Polymorphism 544
Virtual Methods 546
Destroying Dynamically Allocated Objects 548
Virtual Method Table 550
Dynamic Casts 552
Exercises 554
Solutions 558
Chapter 26
Abstract Classes 565
Pure Virtual Methods 566
Abstract and Concrete Classes 568
Pointers and References to Abstract Classes 570
Virtual Assignment 572
Application: Inhomogeneous Lists 574
Implementing an Inhomogeneous List 576
Exercises 578
Solutions 580
Chapter 27
Multiple Inheritance 587
Multiply-Derived Classes 588
Multiple Indirect Base Classes 590
Virtual Base Classes 592
Constructor Calls 594
Initializing Virtual Base Classes 596
Exercises 598
Solutions 602
CONTENTS
■
xvii
Chapter 28
Exception Handling 607
Traditional Error Handling 608
Exception Handling 610
Exception Handlers 612
Throwing and Catching Exceptions 614
Nesting Exception Handling 616
Defining Your Own Error Classes 618
Standard Exception Classes 620
Exercises 622
Solutions 626
Chapter 29
More About Files 637
Opening a File for Random Access 638
Positioning for Random Access 640
File State 644
Exception Handling for Files 646
Persistence of Polymorphic Objects 648
Application: Index Files 652
Implementing an Index File 654
Exercises 656
Solutions 660
Chapter 30
More About Pointers 681
Pointer to Pointers 682
Variable Number of Arguments 684
Pointers to Functions 688
Complex Declarations 690
Defining Typenames 692
Application: Dynamic Matrices 694
Exercises 696
Solutions 698
Chapter 31
Manipulating Bits 705
Bitwise Operators 706
Bitwise Shift Operators 708
Bit Masks 710
Using Bit Masks 712
Bit-Fields 714
Exercises 716
Solutions 718
Chapter 32
Templates 721
Function and Class Templates 722
Defining Templates 724
xviii
CONTENTS
Template Instantiation 726
Template Parameters 728
Template Arguments 730
Specialization 732
Default Arguments of Templates 734
Explicit Instantiation 736
Exercises 738
Solutions 742
Chapter 33
Containers 749
Container Types 750
Sequences 752
Iterators 754
Declaring Sequences 756
Inserting in Sequences 758
Accessing Objects 760
Length and Capacity 762
Deleting in Sequences 764
List Operations 766
Associative Containers 768
Sets and Multisets 770
Maps and Multimaps 772
Bitsets 774
Exercise 778
Solution 780
Appendix 783
Binary Numbers 784
Preprocessor Directives 787
Pre-Defined Standard Macros 792
Binding C Functions 793
Operators Overview 795
Operator Precedence Table 797
ASCII Code Table 798
Screen Control Sequences 800
Literature 801
Index 803
CONTENTS


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