❞ كتاب INTERMEDIATE VOCATIONAL COURSE SECOND YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING ❝

INTERMEDIATE VOCATIONAL COURSE SECOND YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING

INTERMEDIATE
VOCATIONAL COURSE
SECOND YEAR
CIVIL ENGINEERING
DRAWING
FOR THE COURSE OF
WATER SUPPLY AND
SANITARY ENGINEERING




Civil Engineering Drawing
- 1 -
CHAPTER 1
CONVENTIONAL SIGNS, DOORS, WINDOWS, FOOTINGS
INTRODUCTION :
Drawing is the language of engineers. An engineer must be well
conversant with drawings. Drawings represent reduced shape of
structure and the owner will be able to see what is going to happen.
Drawings are prepared as per the requirements of owner. In case of
public buildings, the functional aspects are studied and accordingly the
drawings are prepared as per recommendations laid down in National
Building Code (N.B.C) or as per Indian Standard specifications. Any
modifications like additions or omissions can be suggested from a study
of the drawings before actual construction of the structure is started.
Drawings provide a language with specific data to Architects, Engineers
and workmen at the site to construct the structure accordingly.
In case of public buildings or any other civil engineering works, it
is essential to work out different items of construction with their
quantities for estimating the total cost of construction project. For this
purpose, drawings of different parts and different views are essential so
that the approval of work from the sanctioning authority can be obtained.
Further, the detailed drawings form an essential contract documents,
when the work is handed over to a contractor. Hence it is necessary to
prepare detailed drawings, which will inform the contractor, the exact
information, which he needs during the construction of different items of
work. Drawings, thus prepared should be carefully even after the
completion of work. Thus, it becomes asses the possibility of further
vertical expansion by referring to the foundation details initially provided.
REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD DRAWING:
1. Drawing should be clear, simple and clean
2. Should agree with the actual measurements by the accurately drawn
scaled measurements.


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