❞ كتاب Environmentally Benign Manufacturing ❝ ⏤ Gutowski T.G., Murphy C.F., Allen D.T

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

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INTRODUCTION1
Is “environmentally benign manufacturing” an oxymoron? Or is it possible to align business needs with
environmental needs? This is the central issue addressed in this report. What follows is a summary
discussion, which outlines the current state of environmentally benign manufacturing (EBM). These findings
are based upon the observations of a panel of U.S. experts during visits to Japan, Europe and the United
States, as well as the panelists’ substantial expertise in the various areas of this broad and challenging field.
Because of the breadth of this topic, panelists focused their attention on two key areas: processing and
products. In processing, the focus was on metals and polymers, since by far the vast majority of products are
made from these materials. Among products, the focus was on automobiles and electronics, two products
with significant environmental activity. Details of the panel’s 52 site visits can be found in the appendices of
this report. This summary has five remaining sections: The Problem, Major Findings, U.S. Competitiveness,
Barriers to Progress, and the Technology Summaries for Metals, Polymers, Automobiles, and Electronics.
THE PROBLEM
The area of environmentally benign manufacturing addresses the central long-term dilemma for
manufacturing: how to achieve economic growth while protecting the environment. The conflict is
fundamental, rooted in part in the materials conversion process, which takes from the earth and gives to the
customer, the stockholder, and to those who make a living or derive support from this enterprise, and in part
in consumerism, which focuses on current needs often with disregard for the future. The resolution of this
conflict is a serious issue for society to address, for in the near future it will threaten our well-being. The
question then for environmentally conscious manufacturers is how to incorporate both economy and
environment into their business plans

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology