❞ كتاب RT-PCR Protocols ❝ ⏤ Joe O’Connell

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

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Preface
Until the mid 1980s, the detection and quantification of a specific mRNA
was a difficult task, usually only undertaken by a skilled molecular biologist.
With the advent of PCR, it became possible to amplify specific mRNA, after
first converting the mRNA to cDNA via reverse transcriptase. The arrival of
this technique—termed reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR)—meant that
mRNA suddenly became amenable to rapid and sensitive analysis, without
the need for advanced training in molecular biology. This new accessibility of
mRNA, which has been facilitated by the rapid accumulation of sequence data
for human mRNAs, means that every biomedical researcher can now include
measurement of specific mRNA expression as a routine component of his/her
research plans.
In view of the ubiquity of the use of standard RT-PCR, the main objective
of RT-PCR Protocols is essentially to provide novel, useful applications of
RT-PCR. These include some useful adaptations and applications that could
be relevant to the wider research community who are already familiar with the
basic RT-PCR protocol. For example, a variety of different adaptations are
described that have been employed to obtain quantitative data from RT-PCR.
Quantitative RT-PCR provides the ability to accurately measure changes/imbalances in specific mRNA expression between normal and diseased tissues.
Because of its remarkable sensitivity, RT-PCR enables the detection of low-abundance mRNAs even at the level of individual cells. RT-PCR has afforded many
opportunities in diagnostics, allowing sensitive detection of RNA viruses such as
HIV and HCV. RT-PCR facilitates many diverse techniques in research, including in situ localization of mRNA, antibody engineering, and cDNA cloning. In
particular, the present work highlights how RT-PCR complements other technological advances, such as laser-capture microdissection (LCM), real-time
PCR, microarray technology, HPLC, and time-resolved fluorimetry

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology