❞ كتاب (Gene Expression Profiling_ Methods and ❝ ⏤ Richard A. Shimkets

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

Technical Considerations
in Quantitating Gene Expression
Richard A. Shimkets
1. Introduction
Scientists routinely lecture and write about gene expression and the abundance of transcripts, but in reality, they extrapolate this information from a variety of measurements that different technologies may provide. Indeed, there are
many reasons that applying different technologies to transcript abundance may
give different results. This may result from an incomplete understanding of the
gene in question or from shortcomings in the applications of the technologies.
The first key factor to appreciate in measuring gene expression is the way that
genes are organized and how this influences the transcripts in a cell. Figure 1
depicts some of the scenarios that have been determined from sequence analyses
of the human genome. Most genes are composed of multiple exons transcribed
with intron sequences and then spliced together. Some genes exist entirely
between the exons of other genes, either in the forward or reverse orientation.
This poses a problem because it is possible to recover a fragment or clone that
could belong to multiple genes, be derived from an unspliced transcript, or be
the result of genomic DNA contaminating the RNA preparation. All of these
events can create confusing and confounding results. Additionally, the gene duplication events that have occurred in organisms that are more complex have led
to the existence of closely related gene families that coincidentally may lie near
each other in the genome. In addition, although there are probably less than 50,000
human genes, the exons within those genes can be spliced together in a variety
of ways, with some genes documented to produce more than 100 different transcripts (

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology