❞ كتاب Cell Protocols_ Development and Activation-Humana Press ❝ ⏤ Kelly P. Kearse

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

T-cell differentiation is a tightly controlled developmental program observed
as the stepwise progression of immature thymocytes through several unique
stages characterized by the expression of distinct combinations of cell surface
markers. The advancement of thymocytes from one stage to the next requires
the successful completion of one or more specific developmental processes,
accompanied by the acquisition of receptors, which signal a cell to transit
through certain critical checkpoints to a more mature stage. The techniques of
transgenesis and germ-line targeting are particularly useful in the study of such
complex developmental programs, in that specific players can be manipulated
in the context of an otherwise unaltered environment. Such studies have been
instrumental in our understanding not only of how a number of thymocyte surface receptors are involved in the developmental program, but also in identifying some of the intracellular signaling mediators that are involved in regulation
of transcription factors which are ultimately responsible for orchestrating the
differentiated phenotype.
It is clear that the investigation of the molecular details of T-cell development has benefited greatly from transgenic and knockout methodology and we
shall discuss a few examples of some key experiments in the present chapter.
We shall not attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of all the genes that
have been targeted or expressed, as some excellent up-to-date reviews are available. Our aim is to illustrate how the role of a few of these molecular components was elucidated and discuss the interpretation of these experiments within
the framework of what is now a fairly well established pathway of thymocyte
differentiation

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology